Abstract: Freshwater is a global problem of great strategic significance, which is paramount to human survival, economic development and social progress. Facing the goal of carbon neutrality and carbon peak, aiming at exploring green and eco-friendly seawater desalination technology, researchers have focused on the emerging solar driven seawater desalination technology. In recent years, the new interfacial solar-vapor conversion (ISVC) technology has rapidly become one of the prior strategies for seawater desalination due to its high water production rate, programmable evaporator device and abundant material precursors. At the same time, among many candidates for photothermal materials, aerogels show the excellent properties involving light absorption, thermal management and water transportation benefitting from their lightweight, porous microstructure and low thermal conductivity, and provide the possibility to integrate light-absorbers and evaporators into one body. How to adjust the composition and structure of aerogels becomes the focus towards reducing the energy loss and practical application. In this paper, we systematically illustrated the research progress of ISVC system based on aerogels, and discussed mechanism of photothermal conversion and the performance characteristics of different types of aerogels in detail and the latest applications, simultaneously analyzed their merits and facing challenges in actual seawater desalination, summarized the hydrophilic or hydrophobic modification methods and structural design of materials briefly. Finally, we predict the prospect of the ISVC aerogels.