Abstract: In view of the problem that the current transmission line tower bolt loosening is difficult to detect, this paper proposes a vibration signal-based transmission tower bolt loosening detection method. Firstly, the vibration signal is generated, that is, the impact elastic wave is generated by excitation. According to the theory of elastic wave, the principle of detecting the looseness of the iron bolt by the impact elastic wave is introduced. Finally, the tower bolt is developed by the vibration exciter and the fiber vibration sensing system. The field detection test was loosened to study the variation characteristics of the vibration signal before and after the bolt loosening. After FFT transformation, the effectiveness of the method was verified and provided a solution for the loosening detection of power transmission tower bolts, which provided effective for further research. Data reference.